Webinar ruwvoerwinning

Albart Coster, Dairyconsult

8 April 2020

Gras inkuilen/opslaan

Doel: kwaliteitsverliezen tijdens bewaring minimaliseren

DS VEM DVE OEB
Vers mei 164 1010 94 62
Ingekuild gras mei 453 939 75 94

Bron: Centraal Veevoeder Bureau (2011)

Eerste conclusies

Achtergrond

Gevolg op dit moment:

Hoge kwaliteit belangrijk

Voor kostprijs rantsoen: extreem geval

Voor gezondheid van koeien

Voor BEX en kringloop

Gras inkuilen: eiwitkwaliteit

Kwaliteit van eiwit neemt af met tijd:

Eiwit => peptides => aminozuren => ammoniak

Bron: (https://bit.ly/2EvlPmx)

VEM RE DVE OEB
TMR 1000 160 100 0
Ingekuild gras mei 939 194 75 94
Snijmais 1000 60 47 -38

Bron: Centraal Veevoeder Bureau (2011)

Doel is dus graskuil met zo veel mogelijk DVE en zo min mogelijk OEB. Ammoniak of ureum kunnen we wel bijvoeren. Daarnaast gaat hoog ammoniak samen met vorming van schadelijke stoffen zoals biogene amines.

Doelen

Verliezen minimaliseren

Punten

Resultaten zijn soms tegenstrijdig

Bron: Gordon and Peoples (1986)

Eiwitkwaliteit: bemesting

Bron: (https://bit.ly/2GZR3E1)

Invloed van bemesting op stikstofsamenstelling in gewas:

Veldperiode

Snelheid van drogen: eiwitkwaliteit

Bron: Cavallarin et al. (2005)

Snelheid van drogen wordt beïnvloed door:

Kneuzen en schudden

Bron: Borreani, Tabacco, and Ciotti (1999)

Moment van schudden maakt echter ook uit:

Bron: Savoie et al. (2002)

En droogte van ondergrond ook

Snelheid van drogen: koolhydraten

Tijdens veldperiode nemen suikers (oplosbare koolhydraten) ook af

Bron: Cavallarin et al. (2005)

En

Bron: Treviño et al. (2002)

Waardoor aandeel NDF toeneemt en voederwaarde van gewas afneemt. Door lager suikergehalte conserveert het gras ook minder goed.

Intermezzo: tijd van drogen en vitamine D

Vitamine D gehalte in gras neemt toe tijdens de veldperiode:

Bron: Newlander and Riddell (1952)

Conserveringsperiode

Snelheid van conserveren

Verliezen gaan na het inkuilen door tot pH stabiel (laag) is. pH van kuil daalt als er melkzuur wordt gevormd. Dat wordt pas gevormd als zuurstof in kuil op is.

Bron: Davies et al. (1998)

Snelheid van conserveren: aanrijden

Bron: Pauly and Lingvall (1999)

Snelheid van conserveren: afdekken

Bron: Lima et al. (2017)

Snelheid van conserveren: inkuilmiddel

Bron: Davies et al. (1998)

eliaEn

Bron: Kristensen et al. (2010)

Voor behoud van eiwitkwaliteit: homofermentative middelen Voor aerobe stabiliteit: mengsel van homo- en heterofermentatieve middelen

Inkuilen onder (zeer) moeilijke omstandigheden

Bron: Pieper, Pieper, and Korn (2009)

Intermezzo: eiwitafbraak en rode klaver

Rode klaver bevat een enzym dat proteolyse remt

Bron: Li et al. (2018)

Belang van inkuilproces voor microbiële kwaliteit van kuil

Bron: Lima et al. (2017)

Bron: Kristensen et al. (2010)

Bron: Hengeveld (1983)

Intermezzo: belang van hakselen voor deeltjesgrootte

Zeef Graskuil 1 TMR 1 Graskuil 2 TMR 2 Richtlijn TMR
A > 19 mm 58% 38.5% 13 11.3% 2-8 %
B > 8 mm 27% 38% 66.5% 62% 30-50 %
C > 1.18 mm 10.2% 18.5% 16% 21.3% 10-20%
D 2.4% 3.6% 1.1% 3.8% < 30%

Alles boven de 1.18 mm draagt bij aan structuurwerking (https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-particle-separator en Maulfair, Fustini, and Heinrichs (2011)). Echter, lange silagedeeltjes stimuleren selectie en remmen de opname (Imani et al. (2017)). Interessant genoeg geldt dit niet voor hooi.

Belang van microbiële samenstelling van kuilen (en van voer)

Sterk verband tussen gisten en aerobe stabiliteit:

Bron: Kristensen et al. (2010)

Bron: Tabacco et al. (2011)

Voer

## Loading required package: knitr
Grondstof Enteros, KVE/g Gisten, KVE/g Schimmels, KVE/g Clostridia, KVE/g
9 behandelde gerst 2017-06-15 <10 <10 <10
38 behandelde gerst 2017-03-01 <100 <100 <100
32 behandelde graan (20% tarwe, 80% gerst) 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <100
18 behandelde, ongemalen tarwe 2017-07-01 <10 <10 <10
39 Gehakseld stro NA 800000 500 2200
1 gerst 2017-07-01 >1000 660 <100
6 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <100 460
7 gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <40 <100
8 gerst 2017-06-01 920 <10 41000
10 gerst 2017-06-01 110 1200 150
11 gerst 2017-07-01 <10 12000 <10000
12 gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <10000 <100
13 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <10
14 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <10
15 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 160
19 gerst 2017-07-01 <100 11000 390
20 gerst 2017-06-01 <40 <10 17000
21 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <10
22 gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <10 <10
23 gerst 2017-05-01 <10 <10 <10
24 gerst 2017-07-01 200 <1000 <1000
25 gerst NA 1360000 61000 11000
26 gerst 2017-07-01 >1000 760 140
27 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <100
30 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 110 <40
31 gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <10
16 graskuil NA <10 470 <10
5 maismeel NA >1000 <1000 14000
40 Najaarskuil NA 0 80000 <100
41 Najaarskuil NA <100 1300 100
42 Najaarskuil NA <100 6300 <100
43 Najaarskuil NA <100 <100 <100
44 Najaarskuil NA <100 400 <100
3 raapschroot NA <10 <40 310
36 Snijmais 2017-05-11 <100 26000 <100
4 soja NA >1000 <1000 <4000
2 sojahullen NA <100 <40 130
28 sojahullen 2017-03-30 >1000 <40 300
33 Sojahullen 2017-06-14 <10 620 180
29 stro 2017-03-30 >1000 17000 60000
34 Stro 2017-05-29 660000 1100000 100000
37 Stro 2017-05-11 280000 360000 110000
17 Tarwe NA 470 <10 <40
35 Tarwegries 2017-05-29 <100 100000 2400000

Pensverzuring en conservering van kuilen

Vaak denken we bij pensverzuring aan vorming van zuren in de pens:

(https://www.melkvee.nl/artikel/185652-gezonde-koe-begint-bij-bemesting/#.XHA9V8uM8WY.whatsapp)

Maar, effecten van pensverzuring en bacteriële toxines én biogene amines lopen door elkaar heen:

Bron: Humer, Aditya, and Zebeli (2018)

Pensverzuring, structuur, en toxines

Misschien een iets andere kijk op pensverzuring?

Pensverzuring door structuurtekort

Bron: Khafipour, Krause, and Plaizier (2009b)

Pensverzuring door graan

Bron: Khafipour, Krause, and Plaizier (2009a)

Hoe kan dit?

Li et al. (2012) geven hier meer duidelijkheid over

Vergelijking graan/luzerne

Bron: Li et al. (2012)

Combinatie zuurgraad + endotoxines

Bron: Emmanuel et al. (2007)

Effecten van endotoxines op gezondheid:

Bronnen: Ametaj et al. (2005),Baines et al. (2011),Zebeli et al. (2011),Jing et al. (2014),Eckel and Ametaj (2016)

Effecten van endotoxines:

lagere voeropname, en lagere productie

Bron: Bertoni, Trevisi, and Lombardelli (2010)

Effecten van endotoxines

Ketose

En daardoor vitamine D tekort, weer versterking van ketose (en melkziekte??)

Bron: Eliades and Spyrou (2015)

Bronnen van endotoxines

Voer
Grondstof Enteros, KVE/g Gisten, KVE/g Schimmels, KVE/g Clostridia, KVE/g
gerst 2017-07-01 >1000 660 <100
sojahullen NA <100 <40 130
raapschroot NA <10 <40 310
soja NA >1000 <1000 <4000
maismeel NA >1000 <1000 14000
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <100 460
gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <40 <100
gerst 2017-06-01 920 <10 41000
behandelde gerst 2017-06-15 <10 <10 <10
gerst 2017-06-01 110 1200 150
gerst 2017-07-01 <10 12000 <10000
gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <10000 <100
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <10
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <10
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 160
graskuil NA <10 470 <10
Tarwe NA 470 <10 <40
behandelde, ongemalen tarwe 2017-07-01 <10 <10 <10
gerst 2017-07-01 <100 11000 390
gerst 2017-06-01 <40 <10 17000
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <10
gerst 2017-07-01 <10 <10 <10
gerst 2017-05-01 <10 <10 <10
gerst 2017-07-01 200 <1000 <1000
gerst NA 1360000 61000 11000
gerst 2017-07-01 >1000 760 140
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <40 <100
sojahullen 2017-03-30 >1000 <40 300
stro 2017-03-30 >1000 17000 60000
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 110 <40
gerst 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <10
behandelde graan (20% tarwe, 80% gerst) 2017-06-01 <10 <10 <100
Sojahullen 2017-06-14 <10 620 180
Stro 2017-05-29 660000 1100000 100000
Tarwegries 2017-05-29 <100 100000 2400000
Snijmais 2017-05-11 <100 26000 <100
Stro 2017-05-11 280000 360000 110000
behandelde gerst 2017-03-01 <100 <100 <100
Gehakseld stro NA 800000 500 2200
Najaarskuil NA 0 80000 <100
Najaarskuil NA <100 1300 100
Najaarskuil NA <100 6300 <100
Najaarskuil NA <100 <100 <100
Najaarskuil NA <100 400 <100

Drinkwater: Beauvais et al. (2018)

Speculatief, lucht, zie Lago et al. (2006)

Voorkomen van endotoxines

Bron: Lei et al. (2013)

Voorkomen van endotoxines

Bron: Nocek, Holt, and Oppy (2011)

Voorkomen van endotoxines

Boterzuur icm enzym Alkaline Phospatase, Tuin (2007). Gaat Inflamatory Bowel Disease in mensen tegen.

Dit is vergelijkbaar met Jejunal Hemorhagic Syndrome, JHS in koeien. Risicofactoren voor JHS zijn:

volgens: Baines et al. (2011), Elhanafy, French, and Braun (2013), en zie ook (https://articles.extension.org/pages/25183/progress-in-the-understanding-of-hemorrhagic-bowel-syndrome)

Voorkomen van endotoxines

Inkuilmanagement, inclusief inkuilmiddelen,

Bron: Queiroz et al. (2018)

Voorkomen van endotoxines

Voerhygiëne Goed inkuilmanagement:

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