Transitie van droogstand naar laktatie: wellicht het belangrijkste thema op een melkveebedrijf:
Directe problemen
Maar veroorzaken ook indirecte problemen
Ontstekingen?
Onsteking begint met activering van het aangeboren immuunsysteem
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Dit activeert een acute fase respons
En later ook het verworven immuunsysteem
Bron: Bertoni, Trevisi, and Lombardelli (2010)
Bron: Bertoni, Trevisi, and Lombardelli (2010)
| -8 wk | - 4 wk | diagnose | +4 wk | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| goed | NGB | goed | NGB | goed | NGB | goed | NGB | ||
| DMI | kg/dag | 16,3 | 12,5 | 15,9 | 14,3 | 20,3 | 15,55 | 21,7 | 20,7 |
| Melkzuur | \(\mu\)mol/l | 2455 | 4855 | 2162 | 5507 | 2227 | 4458 | 2100 | 3726 |
| NEFA | mmol/l | 141 | 193 | 194 | 182 | 75651 | 471 | 500 | 269,5 |
| BHBA | \(\mu\)mol | 352 | 340 | 312 | 366 | 827 | 553 | 897 | 553,1 |
| IL-1 | pg/ml | 317 | 341 | 321 | 337 | 277 | 290 | 270,6 | 287,5 |
| IL-6 | pg/ml | 19,2 | 100 | 48,2 | 69,4 | 23,17 | 35,65 | 15,7 | 333 |
| TNF-\(\alpha\) | ng/l | 0,34 | 1,26 | 0,27 | 1,31 | 0,27 | 1,37 | 0,07 | 1,04 |
| Haptoglobuline | mg/ml | 0,19 | 0,34 | 0,15 | 0,07 | 0,12 | 1,06 | 0,16 | 0,17 |
| SAA | ug/ml | 8447 | 24584 | 3461 | 19378 | 10401 | 21706 | 11797 | 23955 |
Bron: Dervishi et al. (2016)
Bron: Waldron et al. (2003).
Bron: Eckel and Ametaj (2016).
Immuunreactie is aan de andere kant nodig voor het geboorteproces
\(\texttt{PGF2}_\alpha\) is betrokken bij geboorteproces: het geboorteproces kwam niet tot stand bij muizen zonder receptor voor \(\texttt{PGF2}_\alpha\). Bron: Sugimoto et al. (1997).
Lagere \(\texttt{PGF2}_\alpha\) gehaltes bij dieren die aan de nageboorte bleven staan. Bron: Chassagne and Barnouin (1992).
| Normaal | Nageboorte | |
|---|---|---|
| Aantal | 40 | 14 |
| PGF2\(_\alpha\) (pg/ml) | 5675 | 3325 |
| Glucose (mg/100 mg) | 95.2 | 79.2 |
| BHB (meq/l) | 0.60 | 0.67 |
| NEFA (meq/l) | 1.11 | 1.10 |
Een andere onstekingsremmer, Flunixine Meglumine, verhoogde de kans op aan de nageboorte blijven staan na een keizersnede bij koeien. Bron Waelchli, Thun, and Stocker (1999).
Behandeling met aspirine verhoogt incidentie van baarmoederonsteking. Bron Trevisi and Bertoni (2008).
| Controle | CLA | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Productie | kg/dag | 46.6 | 47.6 |
| Eiwit | % | 2.98 | 3.03 |
| Vet | % | 4.23 | 4.25 |
| Nageboortes | % | 4.9 | 2.1 |
Bronnen: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide) en (https://bjjcaveman.com/2015/10/26/inflammation-lipopolysaccharides-and-ldl/)
Bron: Bradford et al. (2015)
Bron: Bradford et al. (2015)
Maar acute fase respons veroorzaakt ook lagere opname en daardoor meer conditieverlies, en daardoor natuurlijk ook meer NEFA in het bloed
Bron: Bertoni, Trevisi, and Lombardelli (2010)
Daarnaast leidt hogere NEFA ook tot lagere gevoeligheid voor insuline, waardoor glucosewaardes in het bloed hoger blijven en koeien een soort Diabetis type 2 krijgen, Pires, Souza, and Grummer (2007).
Vitamine D is een onstkingsremmer:
Bron: Eliades and Spyrou (2015)
Leververvetting kan niet alleen verklaard worden door een te grote aanvoer van NEFA naar de lever, maar wordt ook direct veroorzaakt door een acute fase respons, Eckel and Ametaj (2016):
Maar, metabolisme van Vit D vindt ook plaats in lever:
waardoor bij een disfunctionele lever minder actieve Vit D3 wordt gevormd.
Bron: Li et al. (2012)
Bron: Emmanuel et al. (2007)
In situaties met stress: leaky gut, lekkende darm
| Grondstof | Enteros, KVE/g | Gisten, KVE/g | Schimmels, KVE/g | Clostridia, KVE/g |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| beh. Gerst | <100 | <100 | <100 | |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| beh. Graan (%t, 80%g) | <10 | <10 | <100 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Gehakseld stro | 800000 | 500 | 2200 | 0 |
| gerst | 1360000 | 61000 | 11000 | |
| beh. Gerst | 200 | <1000 | <1000 | |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <100 | 460 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | 920 | <10 | 41000 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | 110 | 1200 | 150 | <40 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <40 | <10 | |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | 160 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <40 | <10 | 17000 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <40 | <10 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <40 | <100 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | 110 | <40 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | |
| beh. Gerst | >1000 | 660 | <100 | <40 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <40 | <100 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | 12000 | <10000 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10000 | <100 | |
| beh. Gerst | <100 | 11000 | 390 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| beh. Gerst | >1000 | 760 | 140 | <40 |
| graskuil | <10 | 470 | <10 | <10 |
| maismeel | >1000 | <1000 | 14000 | <10 |
| Najaarskuil + bact. | <100 | 6300 | <100 | 1200 |
| Najaarskuil + bact. | <100 | <100 | <100 | 20 |
| Najaarskuil | <100 | 400 | <100 | 500 |
| Najaarskuil + zuur + bact. | <100 | 1300 | 100 | 20 |
| Najaarskuil | 0 | 80000 | <100 | 250 |
| raapschroot | <10 | <40 | 310 | <10 |
| Snijmais | <100 | 26000 | <100 | |
| soja | >1000 | <1000 | <4000 | <40 |
| sojahullen | >1000 | <40 | 300 | 100 |
| sojahullen | <100 | <40 | 130 | <40 |
| Sojahullen | <10 | 620 | 180 | <40 |
| stro | >1000 | 17000 | 60000 | <10 |
| Stro | 280000 | 360000 | 110000 | |
| Stro | 660000 | 1100000 | 100000 | |
| beh. Tarwe | 470 | <10 | <40 | |
| Tarwegries | <100 | 100000 | 2400000 |
Drinkwater: Beauvais et al. (2018)
Speculatief, lucht, zie Lago et al. (2006)
Te rijke rantsoenen in droogstand verhogen risico op problemen na afkalven
| Con >1 lact | OVR >1 lact | RES >1 lact | Con vaars | OVR vaars | RES vaars | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lebmaagverdraaiingen | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Ketose | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Uieronstekingen | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nageboortes | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Metritis | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Melkziekte | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pootproblemen | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oedeem | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Totaal | 5 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 6 |
| # koeien > 1 probleem | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Tweelingen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bron: Janovick, Boisclair, and Drackley (2011)
Zorgt voor rustigere opstart, en wellicht voor minder melk, Janovick and Drackley (2010).
Al laten Mann et al. (2015) zien dat productie gelijk blijft bij armere droogstandrantsoenen en pleit Bill Weiss juist voor sterker droogstandrantsoen bij vaarzen (https://youtu.be/Rv6WmK1D1X8).
Maar: ter rijk voeren met gras heeft geen nadelige effecten
Bronnen: Selim et al. (2015),Qin et al. (2018)
Zou dit te maken hebben met pensverzuring, of met LPS in mais, of met conditieverlies?
Of met feit dat mais niet echt gezond is voor MK?
Bron: Khosravi et al. (2018)
Lance Baumgard, Wageningen 2017. Lekkende darm veroorzaakt ketose.
Bron: Baumgard, Kvidera, and Horst (2017)
| Meting | Type 1 | Type 2 | Door foute kuil |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beschrijving | Lage voeropname | Leververvetting | Slechte kuilen |
| Bloed BHBA | Erg hoog | Hoog | Hoog tot erg hoog |
| Bloed NEFA | Hoog | Hoog | Normaal tot hoog |
| Bloed glucose | laag | laag (soms begint hoog) | wisselend |
| Bloed insuline | laag | laag (soms begint hoog) | wisselend |
| BCS | kan mager | vallen sterk af | wisselend |
| Lever | geen schade | Vervetting | wisselend |
| Hoogste risico | 3-6 weken na kalf | 1-2 na kalven | wisselend |
| Kans op genezing | zeer goed | slecht | goed |
| Diagnose | BHBA > 20 DIL | BHBA 5 DIL | Analyse ruwvoer |
| Maatregel | Management verse koeien | Droogstand | Kuil |
| – | – | – | – |
Bron: Oetzel (2007)
[]
Bron: Eliades and Spyrou (2015)
Bron: McArt, Nydam, and Oetzel (2012)
Bron: McArt, Nydam, and Oetzel (2012)
Glucogene precursoren.
| Middel | Weg | Doel |
|---|---|---|
| Propyleenglycol | Absorbtie via penswand | via lever naar melkzuur en propionaat |
| Absorbtie via darm | via lever naar melkzuur en propionaat | |
| Fermentatie in pens | Boterzuur, azijnzuur, propionzuur | |
| Glycerine | Fermentatie in pens | Boterzuur, azijnzuur, propionzuur |
| Absorbtie | via lever naar uiteindelijk glucose | |
| Glucose | Fermentatie in pens | Boterzuur, propionzuur |
| Absorbtie | bron van glucose |
Bron: Hostens et al. (2010)
Bron: Allen (2015)
Bron: Brown and Allen (2013)
Bron: Chandler and White (2017)
Bron: Zhou et al. (2016)
Bron: Oliveira et al. (2018)
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